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Documents - Religion, Education, Social Welfare
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1.   Social Background of German Elites and Members of the Clergy (1800-1919)
Social mobility was an essential component of German economic development. While some successful businessmen came from the middle or lower strata of German society, the great majority came from the....
2.   Founding Manifesto of the Protestant League (1887); Statistics on Membership (1887-1913)
The Protestant League [Evangelischer Bund] was an anti-Catholic propaganda organization that first became active after the Kulturkampf (“cultural struggle”) between the Prussian state....
3.   Workers’ Conception of Religion (1890)
In the last third of the nineteenth century, issues of popular piety and church attendance attracted the attention of politicians, social reformers, and statisticians, all of whom were sensitive....
4.   Social Antagonism between Protestants and Catholics (1870s-1880s)
Eduard Hüsgen (1848-1912) was the co-founder and long-time chairman of the Augustinus Association for the Benefit of the Catholic Press [Augustinus-Verein zur Pflege der katholischen Presse].....
5.   Martin Lövinson Recalls Jewish Emancipation and Enthusiasm for the German Wars of Unification (early 1870s)
Dr. Martin Lövinson (1859-1930) was a judicial counselor [Justizrat] and the son of a well-to-do Danzig merchant, Siegfried Lövinson, who had founded a factory for carved-oak furniture in....
6.   Emil Lehmann’s Petition to Improve the Legal Rights of Jews in Saxony (November 25, 1869)
Emil Lehmann (1829-1898) was a Dresden lawyer and the first Jew to be elected (in 1865) to Dresden’s....
7.   A Jewish Rabbi in a Prussian Reading Circle (1880s)
Despite the formal emancipation of Jews in the North German Confederation in July 1869, the integration....
8.   A Jewish Child’s Memories of his Family’s "Conversion" from Orthodox to Reform Practices (1880s)
The integration or assimilation of Jews into German society was not just a matter decided between Jews and non-Jews. As this excerpt from Victor Klemperer’s (1881-1960) memoirs reveals, liberal Jews....
9.   Wilhelm Marr, The Victory of Judaism over Germandom (March 1879)
Wilhelm Marr (1819-1904) is most famous for coining the term “antisemitism” in the 1870s. He thereby contributed to a new vocabulary – one with which centuries-old hostility towards the Jews could....
10.   Court Preacher Adolf Stöcker Introduces Antisemitism to the Christian Social Workers’ Party (September 19, 1879)
Adolf Stöcker (1835-1909) was a court preacher and the leader of the antisemitic Christian Social....
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