Images - Science and Education

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1.	Tutoring for Bourgeois Children during the Biedermeier Era (c. 1820) Starting in the late 18th century, a so-called Bildungsbürgertum – an educated middle-class – developed in the German states. This class defined itself more on the basis of education than....
2.	The School (1823) Education for boys at an urban school during the Biedermeier era. Although the eighteenth century had already seen the introduction of compulsory education in the German-speaking territories, it....
3.	Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1828) Portrait of the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831). One of the leading representatives....
4.	Wilhelm von Humboldt in His Study at Tegel Castle (c. 1830) Together with Karl Baron vom und zum Stein (1757-1831) and Karl....
5.	Justus von Liebig in His Laboratory at the Chemical Institute of the University of Giessen (c. 1840) The son of a Darmstadt pharmacist, Justus von Liebig (1803-1873) made a number of significant contributions to organic chemistry; he is also considered the founder of agricultural chemistry. His....
6.	Friedrich Fröbel (c. 1840) An influential nineteenth-century educator and educational reformer, Friedrich Fröbel (1782-1852) was also the intellectual founder of the modern-day kindergarten. After studying at Jena, Göttingen,....
7.	Instruction at the Village School (c. 1840) This steel engraving draws attention to the enormous differences between urban and rural schools.....
8.	A Teacher Administers a Beating (1842) Scenes like the one shown here, in which a village schoolteacher beats a pupil with a cane, were a sad reality for students in the 19th century. Teachers had the “right to apply corporal punishment”....
9.	Theodor Mommsen, Moritz Haupt, and Otto Jahn (1848) Historian Theodor Mommsen (1817-1903) was one of the most prominent nineteenth-century scholars of antiquity. In 1902, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature for his first major work, Römische....
10.	Alexander von Humboldt in his Library (1856) The geographer, naturalist, and explorer Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) in his library....
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