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King Francis I of France (c. 1525-30)
After an unsuccessful campaign for the emperorship, King Francis I of France (r. 1515-47) became the principal political antagonist of Charles....
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Elector Frederick III of Saxony, called "the Wise" (early 16th century)
Saxon elector Frederick III (“the Wise”) (1463-1525) provided critical support to Martin Luther. Although Frederick was a devout Catholic, he protected Luther after the Diet of Worms (1521) by having....
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Emperor Charles V at Augsburg in 1530 (1530)
In 1530, Charles V (r. 1519-56) called the Imperial Diet to Augsburg in order to settle the religious schism that had erupted. His entry into the city with an enormous entourage was one of the most....
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Elector John Frederick I of Saxony, called "the Magnanimous" (c. 1533)
Elector John Frederick I (“the Magnanimous”) of Saxony (1504-54), the eldest son of Elector John (“the Constant”),....
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Landgrave Philip of Hesse, called "the Magnanimous" (1535)
A principal leader of the Protestant movement from the mid-1520s on, Landgrave Philipp of Hesse (1504-67) founded the world’s first Protestant university in Marburg in 1527. In 1529, in the hope....
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Emperor Maximilian II (c. 1544)
Emperor Maximilian II (r. 1564-76), the nephew of Charles V, continued the Habsburg policy of conciliating the Protestants. His court, which attracted people from many countries and of many skills....
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Battle of Mühlberg on April 24, 1547 (1547)
At the Battle of Mühlberg on the Elbe River, the combined forces of Emperor Charles V and Duke Moritz of Saxony defeated the Schmalkaldic League. The victory ended the Protestant resistance. Woodcut....
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Emperor Charles V in 1547 (1548)
This portrait of Emperor Charles V (r. 1519-56) was executed by his court painter, the Italian Renaissance master Titian. It shows Charles as victor over the Protestant Schmalkaldic League at the....
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Elector John of Saxony, called "the Constant" (undated)
Elector John (“the Constant”) of Saxony (r. 1525-32) was the younger brother of and successor to Frederick....
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Lazarus von Schwendi (1579)
The illegitimate son of a Swabian nobleman, Lazarus von Schwendi (1522-84) studied at Basel and Strasbourg. At age twenty-four, he entered the military service of Emperor Maximilian....
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