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"The Commercial Councilor" (1884)

This caricature by Adolf Oberländer (1845-1923) depicts a Jewish burgher proudly displaying his new patent of rank and title. The caption reads: “The Commercial Councilor before and after the Receipt of his Decoration.” Source: “Der Herr Commerzienrath vor und nach seiner Decorierung,” Fliegende Blätter 81, no. 2053 (1884), p. 173.

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Reproduced in Beth Irwin Lewis, Art for All? The Collision of Modern Art and the Public in Late-Nineteenth-Century Germany. Princeton, NJ, 2003, p. 151