Gender and Occupation in Selected Industries (1895 and 1907)
Sector/ occupational status | Percentage of men and women in various occupational status categories | Women as % of all gainfully employed individuals in the occupational category | Men | Women | | 1895 | 1907 | 1895 | 1907 | 1895 | 1907 | Machine building/Electronics | | | | | | | Self-employed | 21.4 | 8.8 | 12.3 | 3.3 | 1.7 | 1.8 | Homeworkers | 0,5 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 10.2 | 19.8 | Supervisory personnel | 2.2 | 3.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Technical employees | 3.2 | 4.6 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | Commercial clerks | 3.2 | 5.5 | 3.4 | 16.7 | 3.0 | 13.1 | Skilled workers | 46.8 | 49.6 | 12.6 | 11.7 | 0.8 | 1.1 | Unskilled workers | 22.7 | 27.5 | 69.7 | 65.8 | 8.3 | 10.6 | Leather industry | | | | | | | Self-employed | 26.8 | 22.2 | 9.1 | 5.2 | 2.2 | 2.4 | Homeworkers | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 8.9 | 18.9 | Supervisory personnel | 1.0 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 2.2 | Technical employees | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.8 | Commercial clerks | 1.7 | 3.4 | 1.3 | 6.0 | 4.7 | 15.5 | Skilled workers | 50.5 | 45.5 | 20.3 | 11.7 | 2.5 | 2.6 | Unskilled workers | 18.6 | 25.3 | 67.2 | 74.0 | 19.0 | 23.4 | Metal extraction and processing | | | | | | | Self-employed | 16.8 | 11.6 | 9.8 | 4.4 | 2.4 | 2.3 | Homeworkers | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 5.9 | 17.7 | Supervisory personnel | 0.9 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.7 | Technical employees | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | Commercial clerks | 0.9 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 14.9 | Skilled workers | 69.8 | 67.6 | 25.3 | 25.2 | 1.5 | 2.3 | Unskilled workers | 10.6 | 15.9 | 62.4 | 62.6 | 19.8 | 20.2 | Textile industry | | | | | | | Self-employed | 9.8 | 5.3 | 3.9 | 2.0 | 24.2 | 27.5 | Homeworkers | 14.9 | 7.2 | 13.3 | 8.4 | 41.9 | 53.4 | Supervisory personnel | 2.4 | 5.6 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 5.6 | 7.5 | Technical employees | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 5.3 | Commercial clerks | 4.2 | 7.8 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 3.4 | 11.6 | Skilled workers | 40.0 | 37.2 | 41.5 | 36.6 | 45.7 | 49.2 | Unskilled workers | 28.4 | 36.5 | 40.9 | 51.5 | 53.9 | 58.1 | Clothing industry | | | | | | | Self-employed | 49.5 | 46.6 | 49.1 | 35.3 | 48.3 | 44.3 | Homeworkers | 6.0 | 5.0 | 9.2 | 8.4 | 59.0 | 64.0 | Supervisory personnel | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 40.9 | 36.4 | Technical employees | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 11.5 | 34.6 | Commercial clerks | 1.0 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 14.3 | 45.7 | Skilled workers | 40.8 | 38.9 | 34.9 | 40.0 | 44.7 | 52.0 | Unskilled workers | 2.2 | 5.5 | 6.3 | 13.6 | 73.3 | 72.2 |
A note on reading the table: of the 1,000 male workers in the Machine building / Electronics sector (1895), 214 are self-employed, 5 are homeworkers, 22 supervisory personnel, etc.; of 1,000 self-employed in this sector (1895), 17 are women, of 1,000 homeworkers, 102 are women, etc. Source: Compiled from the tables in Angelika Willms, “Segregation auf Dauer? Zur Entwicklung des Verhältnisses von Frauenarbeit und Männerarbeit in Deutschland,“ [Ongoing Segregation? The Developing Relationship between Women’s and Men’s Work in Germany], in Walter Müller, Angelika Willms, and Johann Handel, eds., Strukturwandel der Frauenarbeit 1880-1890 [Structural Changes in Women’s Work 1880-1890]. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag, 1983, pp. 63-67. Reprinted in Gerhard A. Ritter und Klaus Tenfelde, Arbeiter im Deutschen Kaiserreich 1871 bis 1914 [Workers in the German Kaiserreich 1871 to 1914]. Bonn, 1992, p. 215. |