| 21. |
Certificate Requesting the Payment of Protection Money (1833)
The system of “protected Jews” [Schutzjuden] originated in the early Middle Ages; it allowed a small number of Jews who paid protection money [Schutzgeld] to obtain a privileged legal....
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| 22. |
Kingdom of Hanover – Grenadiers of the Guard, Drummer, and Common Soldiers (c. 1835)
Although the number of small German states and principalities had been drastically reduced during the Napoleonic era (and by the Congress....
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| 23. |
Going to Church in the Black Forest (1843)
Going to church often meant more than confirming one’s religions faith, listening to the sermon, and receiving Holy Communion. Particularly in rural and Alpine areas, church services enabled local....
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| 24. |
Caricature: "Eyes Open!" (c. 1845)
"Eyes Open!" – Neither the nobility, nor the clergy will oppress us any longer; they have broken the backs of the people for too long." In the Vormärz (or "pre-March") era, the name given....
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| 25. |
Borsig Plant and Foundry (1847)
The Borsig mechanical engineering plant and iron foundry on Chausseestraße in Berlin. The Berlin locomotive manufacturer August Borsig (1804-1854) started from modest beginnings as a tradesman. He....
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| 26. |
Opening of the First United Landtag (April 11, 1847)
In 1847, King Frederick William IV convened the First United Landtag (state parliament) in Prussia. (It was called the United Landtag because Prussia’s eight provincial state parliaments....
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| 27. |
"The New Peter von Amiens" (1849)
Caricature of the founding of Kreuzzeitung, the mouthpiece of the Prussian Conservative Party. The drawing shows party leaders Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach (middle), Friedrich Julius Stahl (right),....
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| 28. |
"The Congress" (1815)
"The Congress" – The defeated and exiled Napoleon watches from Elba as the leaders of the Restoration, (from left) Czar Alexander I of Russia (1777-1825), Emperor....
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| 29. |
Clemens Brentano (1st Half of the Nineteenth Century)
Along with Achim von Arnim (1781-1831), writer Clemens Brentano (1778-1842) was one of the leading....
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| 30. |
The Sewing Room (1823)
Sewing as a recreational pursuit of the middle classes (as shown here), or as piecework undertaken by the working class, was virtually the exclusive preserve of women and girls. Etching by Johann....
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