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Desiderius Erasmus (1523)
Although the Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466/69-1536) advocated Catholic reform, he also opposed the Protestant movement and thus incurred the scorn of Martin Luther. Unlike....
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Seven-Headed Luther (1529)
This polemical image appeared on the title page of the pamphlet The Seven Heads of Martin Luther by Johannes Cochlaeus. It shows Luther with seven heads, each of which bears a different title: Doctor,....
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Council of Trent (c. 1555)
The General Council called to Trent (1545-63) by Pope Paul III (1468-1549) was charged with....
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Church Hierarchy: Pope, Archbishop, Cardinal (2nd Half of the 16th Century)
This woodcut is from a series portraying the church hierarchy. The pope (left) is identified by his triple-crown (tiara) and his three-barred cross; the cardinal (center) by his large-brimmed, flat....
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Church Hierarchy: Bishops (2nd Half of the 16th Century)
Three bishops are identified by their miters and crosiers (staffs). Woodcut by Tobias Stimmer (1539-1584) and L. Fly, second half of the 16th century.
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Church Hierarchy: Abbots and Hermit (2nd Half of the 16th Century)
Two abbots stand next to a hermit with a long beard. Woodcut by Tobias Stimmer (1539-1584) and L. Fly, 2nd half of the 16th century.
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Church Hierarchy: Three Monks (2nd Half of the 16th Century)
Woodcut by Tobias Stimmer (1539-1584) and L. Fly, second half of the 16th century.
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Church Hierarchy: Pilgrim, Vicar, and Flagellant (2nd Half of the 16th Century)
The image depicts (from left to right) a pilgrim, a vicar, and a flagellant. The pilgrim is identified by the cockleshells affixed to his hat and cape; the flagellant wears a robe with an open back....
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Church Hierarchy: Priest, Deacon, Acolyte (2nd Half of the 16th Century)
The image depicts a priest, a deacon, and an acolyte. The secular priest (second from left) carries a monstrance, a vessel for displaying consecrated bread; the deacon follows with a bell; and the....
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