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"Hep-Hep Riot" in Frankfurt am Main (1819)
Contemporary etching of a so-called Hep-Hep riot against Frankfurt Jews, one of the most serious instances of the largely urban violence that began in Würzburg (Bavaria) in August 1819 and then spread....
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Certificate Requesting the Payment of Protection Money (1833)
The system of “protected Jews” [Schutzjuden] originated in the early Middle Ages; it allowed a small number of Jews who paid protection money [Schutzgeld] to obtain a privileged legal....
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"Citizenship Certificate" for a Jewish Resident of Berlin (1841)
This “citizenship certificate” was issued by the City of Berlin in 1841. Prior to the formal emancipation....
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Gabriel Riesser (c. 1856)
Gabriel Riesser (1806-1863) was a Hamburg lawyer and Vice President of the revolutionary Frankfurt National....
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