II. Social background of Protestant and Catholic Clerics
| c) of Protestant clergy | d) of Catholic clergy | Father's occupation | Prussia 1887-1900 (%) (3) | Württemberg 1876-1900 (%) (3) | Prussia 1887-1900 (%) (3) | Württemberg 1876-1900 (%) (3) | Higher civil servants | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Officers | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | Professors, teachers (higher schools) | 3 | 5 | 1 | 0 | Clergy | 23 | 34 | - | - | Lawyers | | 0 | - | 0 | Physicians, pharmacists | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | Large landowners | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Entrepreneurs | 5 (c) | 7 | 5 (c) | 0 | Higher strata | 37 | 54 | 8 | 3 | Artisans, retailers | - | - | - | - | Tavern-keepers | 16 (c) | 14 | 31 (c) | 32 | Farmers | 11 | 3 | 26 | 35 | Mid-level civil servants | 14 | 8 | 13 | 4 | Salaried employees | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | Teachers | 18 | 17 | 14 | 13 | Middle strata | 61 | 44 | 87 | 85 | Workers | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | Domestics | 0 | - | 0 | - | Lower civil servants | - | 3 | - | 7 | Lower strata | 1 | 5 | 4 | 10 | Number of cases | 5,769 | 1,350 | 2,195 | 1,089 |
3) Calculated on the basis of the background of theology students. a. Also: veterinarians, chemists, architects, engineers. b. Here: industrialists and wholesalers. "Merchants" were assigned to the first position of the middle class, since the majority of them were most likely small-scale trades-people. c. These are estimates. It is only after 1900 that university statistics in Prussia divide self-employed trades-people into entrepreneurs, on the one hand, and artisans, retailers, etc., on the other hand. The average ratios from 1901-1911 (physicians: 29% entrepreneurial fathers vs. 71% fathers from the commercial middle class; teachers at higher schools: 26% to 74%) are posited here as the most favorable approximation. Source: Hartmut Kaelble, „Sozialer Aufstieg in Deutschland 1850-1914” [“Social Advancement in Germany 1850-1914”], Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte [Quarterly for Social and Economic History] 60 (1973): 52, 56, 63. Reprinted in Gerd Hohorst, Jürgen Kocka and Gerhard Ritter, eds., Sozialgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch: Materialien zur Statistik des Kaiserreichs 1870-1914 [Social History Workbook: Materials on Kaiserreich Statistics 1870-1914]. Munich, 1975, vol. 2, pp. 125-26. Translation: Thomas Dunlap
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