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161.	Werner Sombart, Merchants and Heroes [Händler und Helden] (1915) Many German intellectuals felt moved to interpret the First World War in grandiloquent terms of competing cultures or civilizations. For the economist Werner Sombart (1863-1941), the contest pitted....
162.	The Minister of the Interior on Domestic Reform (May 1915) The consensus in favor of the war was precarious from the beginning, despite the impression of popular unity. The chancellor was responsible for preserving the domestic truce forged in the summer....
163.	Opposition within the SPD (June 19, 1915) Although the early days of fighting were accompanied by the impression of popular unity, the consensus in favor of the war was fragile from the start, vulnerable to pressures from both the right....
164.	The Party Leadership Responds to Opposition (August 14-16, 1915) In an effort to shore up support for the war within their own ranks, the Socialists enacted guidelines for suppressing dissent. The socialist opposition to the war had to contend not only with party....
165.	Suppression of Anti-War Sentiment (November 1915) During the first two years of the war, voices of opposition of every sort remained scattered and powerless. Popular support for the war extended deep into the labor movement and ensured that agitation....
166.	Preventive Detention (December 4, 1916) Of the many measures to counter opposition to the war on the home front, preventive detention served the military leadership especially well. It removed dissidents and other potential critics from....
167.	Bernhard vom Brocke, "'Scholarship and Militarism': The Appeal of 93 'to the Civilized World!'" (October 4, 1914) The great majority of Germany’s leading writers, composers, and academic scholars passionately supported the war effort, which they portrayed as the defense of German culture. Manifestos that invoked....
168.	Censorship in Practice (1914-16) These documents show the manner in which newspaper articles were censored during the war. Note the elision of anything that could be considered critical of the war. Entire articles were banished.
169.	Johann Plenge, 1789 and 1914 [1789 und 1914] (1916) Johann Plenge (1874-1963), a German philosopher in Heidelberg, interpreted the First World War as a German revolution, akin to the French revolution of 1789. Yet, instead of the pursuit of individual....
170.	Ludwig Quidde: The Central Office for International Law (1916) Ludwig Quidde (1858-1941), a historian by training, was one of the most active critics of Wilhelmine....
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