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41.   Practical Courses Offered by the Vocational Schools of the Lette Association (1871-1872; 1879)
In nineteenth-century Germany, women were not yet admitted to university studies. However, their education became more important and attracted more public discussion as the century wore on. Whereas....
42.   Lectures Offered by the Women’s Education Association in Leipzig (1865-1884)
Founded in Leipzig in 1865, the Women’s Education Association was like other groups of its kind in that it offered a combination of entertainment and Sunday school instruction. The lessons aimed....
43.   The Employment of Women: Conservative and Liberal Views (1872)
As traditional gender roles changed, women’s suitability for particular kinds of employment became a significant issue. In this excerpt from a debate on the floor of the Reichstag, Postmaster General....
44.   August Bebel, Women under Socialism (1879)
August Bebel (1840-1913), the son of a low-ranking Prussian officer and a wood-turner by trade, became the most iconic Social Democrat in Imperial Germany. In 1866, together with Wilhelm Liebknecht,....
45.   The Impact of Bebel’s Women under Socialism (c. 1890)
Although August Bebel’s Women under Socialism [Die Frau und der Sozialismus]....
46.   Household of a Large Working-Class Family in a Village near Frankfurt am Main (1877)
This report from Taunus, a hilly area near Frankfurt, makes clear that families of workers – especially unskilled ones – often lived on the edge of desperation. As in this case, their situation was....
47.   Large Dresden Family Living on 1,000 Marks per Annum (c. 1880s)
Illness and unforeseen circumstances could always jeopardize the welfare of working-class families in Imperial Germany. But as this excerpt from the autobiography of a working-class woman in Dresden....
48.   A Working-Class File-Cutter Remembers his Fatherless Childhood (1879-1909)
Without a comprehensive social welfare system yet in place, the injury or death of the family’s main breadwinner could easily bring low-income workers’ families to the brink of ruin. This excerpt....
49.   Carl Büchsel, Memories of a Rural Death (1860s)
In contrast to the relative anonymity of urban life, rural areas continued to afford a higher degree of social cohesion and participation in community life. In this passage from his memoirs, the....
50.   Working-Class Boarding Houses in Chemnitz and Berlin (1890)
Germany’s explosive population growth and urbanization made housing a social problem of immense proportions. In the 1860s tenements....
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