| 1. |
Christian Daniel Friedrich Schubart, Article from Deutsche Chronik (May 20, 1776)
Christian Daniel Friedrich Schubart (1739-91) was a pugnacious and turbulent poet and journalist....
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| 2. |
Joachim Heinrich Campe, "Letter from Paris, 1789," from Letters from Paris (1790)
Joachim Heinrich Campe (1746-1818), a prominent and peripatetic German writer and pedagogue, witnessed....
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| 3. |
"Police Minister" Johann Anton Pergen Briefs Emperor Leopold II on "the Most Important Activities of the Secret Police" (March 2, 1790)
In the 1790s, revolutionary France and Habsburg Austria pioneered, for differing purposes, the creation of modern, bureaucratized, and rationalized political police organs. The Austrian government....
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| 4. |
Georg Wedekind, "Appeal to Fellow Citizens," delivered to the Society of the Friends of the People in Mainz (October 27, 1792)
Georg Wedekind (1761-1831) was a well-educated physician who entered the service of the Archbishop of Mainz, one of the three ecclesiastical (Catholic) Electors of the Holy Roman Empire and the ruler....
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| 5. |
Joseph Görres, "Something to Sell" (1798)
Here, the celebrated German publicist Joseph Görres (1776-1848) lampoons the
Landgraves of Hesse,....
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| 6. |
Frederick William von Steuben, Letter from New Windsor (July 4, 1779)
Educated for military service in Prussia, Frederick William von Steuben (1730-94) distinguished....
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| 7. |
Georg Forster, "On the Relationship of the People of Mainz to the Franks," delivered to the Society of the Friends of the People in Mainz (November 15, 1792)
Noteworthy here is the cosmopolitanism of Forster’s revolutionary rhetoric – he proclaims democratic freedom a universal right and argues against German nationalist prejudice against the French (in....
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| 8. |
Georg Forster, "Observations on [France's] New Communal Spirit," from Recollections from the Year 1790 (1793)
Georg Forster (1754-94) was an internationally renowned fellow traveler with Captain Cook, a linguist, ethnographer, and savant. He was the most eminent of the German intellectuals to commit himself....
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| 9. |
Emperor Franz II's Confidential Instructions to his Officials in Austria and Bohemia on "Preventive Measures for the Maintenance of Civil Peace and Order" (February 9, 1793)
Here, in summary form, are the anti-revolutionary concerns animating the Austrian government after the outbreak in 1792 of war with France. Notable are the recommendations for clandestinely government-inspired....
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| 10. |
Johann Gottfried Seume, "In Hessian Lands" (1813)
The Saxon-born writer and traveler Johann Gottfried Seume (1763-1810) was forcibly pressed into....
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