Philip Wilhelm von Hörnigk, "Austria over all, if she only wills it" (1684)

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Fourthly, gold and silver, once in the country, whether home-produced or brought in from abroad through industry, are in no way or fashion, so far as is at all possible, to be allowed to leave it again, nor allowed to remain buried in chests and strongboxes, but always kept in circulation; nor are they to be allowed to be fashioned into forms where they are, as it were, made useless and unserviceable. For so it will be impossible for a country which once acquires a considerable stock, especially one which has its own gold and silver mines, to fall into poverty, impossible, indeed, for it not to increase continuously in wealth and property. Therefore,

Fifthly, the inhabitants are to be most strongly enjoined to content themselves with their domestic products, to limit their indulgence and display to these, and as far as possible, to renounce foreign ones (except in case of absolute necessity or if not necessity, irremediable bad habits which have crept in, such as the use of Indian spice). And,

Sixthly, what is indispensable, of necessity or through irremediable bad habit, should wherever possible not be bought directly from abroad for gold or silver, but be exchanged against other domestic products.

Seventhly, such foreign products shall then be acquired in their raw state and processed at home and the cost of manufacture earned there.

Eighthly, day and night watch must be kept that surplus home products be sold abroad in manufactured form, so far as this is necessary, and for gold and silver, and to this end consumers must be sought out, so to speak, from the ends of the world and exports promoted in every way.

Ninthly, failing important reasons to the contrary, products available domestically in sufficient quantity and of adequate quality should never be allowed to be imported; no sympathy or pity for the foreigner should affect this policy, whether he be friend, kinsman, ally, or enemy. For all friendship stops when it conduces to my own weakness and destruction. And this applies even when the domestic product is worse in quality or even more expensive. For, strange as it may appear to ill-informed minds, it is better to give two thalers which remain in the country for an object, than one thaler that goes abroad.

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