II. Strikes, Lockouts, and "Non-Confrontational Movements," 1890-1913
| Lockouts (4) | Non-confrontational movements (5) | Strike participants (7) | Year | Number | Participants | Duration (3) | Calculated number of participants (3a) | Number | Participants | (official statistics) | 1890/91 (6) | | | | | | | | 1892 | | | | | | | | 1893 | | | | | | | | 1894 | | | | | | | | 1895 | | | | | | | | 1896 | | | | | | | | 1897 | | | | | | | | 1898 | | | | | | | | 1899 | | | | | | | 104 636 | 1900 | 46 | 14,630 | 182,866 | 8,927 | | | 131,888 | 1901 | 35 | 8,460 | 124,275 | 6,088 | | | 60,676 | 1902 | 56 | 6,791 | 117,196 | 4,910 | | | 64,217 | 1903 | 82 | 45,763 | 1,512,771 | 32,036 | | | 120,876 | 1904 | 112 | 31,402 | 607,286 | 35,579 | | | 137,240 | 1905 | 253 | 144,047 | 1,797,256 | 135,821 | 2,968 | 382,510 | 526,810 | 1906 | 421 | 93,356 | 2,320,069 | 89,028 | 4,647 | 601,706 | 349,327 | 1907 | 323 | 104,738 | 2,374,772 | 103,596 | 5,067 | 525,235 | 273,597 | 1908 | 257 | 60,576 | 905,949 | 45,838 | 3,607 | 449,434 | 112,110 | 1909 | 206 | 34,494 | 660,255 | 32,061 | 4,507 | 348,961 | 119,849 | 1910 | 970 | 226,898 | 6,244,123 | 208,539 | 6,496 | 656,531 | 369,809 | 1911 | 207 | 113,357 | 2,505,178 | 95,244 | 6,756 | 686,416 | 356,163 | 1912 | 356 | 82,099 | 1,329,089 | 64,216 | 7,136 | 774,769 | 481,094 | 1913 | 427 | 71,392 | 1,532,314 | 45,339 | 7,372 | 965,573 | 311,048 |
3) Duration of the strikes until 1899 in weeks (= sum total of the duration of all strikes, regardless of the number of participants); beginning in 1900 (in all categories): loss of work time in days (calculation based on the number of participants). 3a) The statistics of the "Generalkommission" determine the loss of work time in days only for a certain number of participants, which fluctuates between 56.8% and 97.5% of the total number of striking workers. 4) Separate counting possible only after 1900. 5) That is to say, "movements without work stoppage;" recorded beginning in 1905 and not included in the preceding figures for the total number of strikes. 6) For these years the data has been recorded together. 7) The official strike statistics are included because of the at times astonishing difference between its numbers and those of the statistics compiled by the unions. They begin in 1899 (see Statistik des Deutschen Reichs N.F., vol. 134, Berlin 1900, pp. I-XI). While the statistics of the "Generalkommission" recorded only the strikes in which members of its trade associations participated, the official strike statistics generally counted all strikes. Still, in some years the number of participants falls below that of the "Generalkommission," which criticized that not all workers’ struggles were recorded. For a comparison between the official and the union strike statistics see: C. Heiss, "Die deutsche Streikstatistik," Archiv für soziale Gesetzgebung und Statistik 17 (1902): 150-168; M. Meyer, "Zur Reform der Streikstatistik," Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, 3. Folge 37 (1909): 204-218; Karl Oldenberg, article "Arbeitseinstellungen in Deutschland," in Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften, vol. 1., 3rd ed. (Jena, 1909), pp. 927-964, esp. 948-957; also: "Die Streiks nach der amtlichen und der gewerkschaftlichen Statistik," regularly in Correspondenzblatt der Generalkommission der Gewerkschaften Deutschlands; e.g., vol. 23 (1913): 793-799. Finally, on the state of research: Hartmut Kaelble and Heinrich Volkmann, "Konjunktur und Streik während des Übergangs zum Organisierten Kapitalismus in Deutschland," Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften 92 (1972): 513-544, esp. 513 note 1, p. 515 note 5. Source: (for all columns except the last): Correspondenzblatt der Generalkommission der Gewerkschaften Deutschlands [Newsletter of the General Commission of the German Trade Unions] 11 (1901), p. 454; 24 (1914), Appendix, pp. 282-284; (for the last column): Statistik des Deutschen Reichs [Statistics of the German Reich], vol. 279, p. 1. Original German table printed in Gerd Hohorst, Jürgen Kocka, and Gerhard Ritter, eds. Sozialgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch: Materialien zur Statistik des Kaiserreichs, 1870-1914 [Social History Workbook: Materials on Kaiserreich Statistics 1870-1914]. Munich: C.H. Beck, 1975, vol. 2, pp. 132-34. Translation: Thomas Dunlap
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